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A list of Old Persian month names (only partial in Old Persian script but complete in Elamite script) is thus available for com­parison with the lists in Elamite and Babylonian (see Table 20).Īs E. 121-45) was able to specify the three missing names from newly discovered Akkadian and Elamite sources. 296 table), which were shown to be incorrect after A. Markwart to propose different sequences (cf. The absence of the three other names and uncertainty about the order of the months led H. the Ossetic name of January/February: “month of threat”). 68), and *Θwayauvā “the terrible one,” Elamite Samiyamaš/Samiyamantaš (Hinz, p. 68-69): *Vrkazana “(month) of wolf killing,” Elamite Mar-ka-ca-na° (DB 3.88 Kent, Old Persian, pp. The Old Persian names of the remaining four are known in Elamite transcription, but only two-the eight and the eleventh-have re­ceived probable etymologies (for the remaining two see Hinz, pp. 167), and Viyax(a)na “digging-up (month)” (Kent, Old Persian, p. 166), Anāmaka “month of the nameless god(?)” (Kent, Old Persian, p. 199, and bāgayādiš), Āçiyādiya “(month) of the worship of the fire” (Kent, Old Persian, p. 183), Bāgayādiš, probably “(month) of the worship of baga (i.e., Miθra)” (Kent, Old Persian, p. to Justi), Garmapada “heat-station (month)” (Kent, Old Per­sian, p. 147), Θāigraciš “garlic-­collecting month” (Kent, p. meaning and ety­mology uncertain), Θūravāhara, possibly “(month) of strong spring” (Kent, Old Persian, p.

128, 131 see also individual months): Ādukanaiša (Kent, Old Persian, p.

Only eight month names are mentioned in the Old Persian inscriptions (cf. The Old Persian calendar was lunisolar, like that of the Babylonians, with twelve months of thirty days each the days were numbered but not named (with the exception of the last day of the month, Jiyamna “the decreasing one(?)” in the ex­pression Jiyamnam patiy, DB 2.62 Kent, Old Persian, pp. Although evidence of calendrical traditions in Iran can be traced back to the 2nd millennium B.C., before the lifetime of Zoroaster (see discussion of the Zoroas­trian calendar below), the earliest calendar that is fully preserved dates from the Achaemenid period.